Chicago Citation Style Guide

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Chicago Citation Style Guide

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Footnotes and Bibliography System (Humanities Style)

Parenthetical Citations & Reference List System (Scientific Style)

Books
Articles
Web Sites and Web Pages
Interviews or Personal Communications
Videos/DVDs and Sound Recordings
Images

Books
Articles
Web Sites and Web Pages
Interviews or Personal Communications
Videos/DVDs and Sounds Recordings
Images

Formatting

How to Use Microsoft Word’s Footnotes Function

How to Indent Your Footnotes, Bibliographic, and Reference List Entries

The 3-em Dash

Footnotes and Bibliography System

The Footnotes and Bibliography System (Humanities Style) is often used by writers in Literature, History, and the Arts. It includes:

Footnotes are numbered entries used to document paraphrased or quoted text in your paper. Place them at the bottom of the page on which you paraphrased or quoted text.
A Bibliography is an alphabetical list by author of the sources cited in your notes. Place this list at the end of your paper on its own page(s).

Books

Basic Formats - here are the basic forms that each citation takes, depending on the type of material you are citing. Following these basic forms are Examples of each.

Basic Format for a BOOK

Footnote: Author’s Full Name, Title, Page Number(s).
Bibliographic Entry: Author’s Last Name, First Name. Title. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication.

Basic Format for an EDITED BOOK

Footnote: Editor’s Full Name, ed. Title, Page Number(s).
Bibliographic Entry: Editor’s Last Name, First Name, ed. Title. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication.

Basic Format for an ESSAY FROM A REFERENCE BOOK

Footnote: Title of Reference Book, [if other than first edition, list ed. here], s.v. “Title of Essay.”
Bibliographic Entry: [Usually not listed in a Bibliography – see Chicago Manual of Style sec. 17.238]

Basic Format for an ONLINE BOOK

Footnote: Author’s Full Name, Title URL.
Bibliographic Entry: Author’s Last Name, First Name. Title. Place of Publication: Publisher, Date of Publication. Name of Online Database, URL (access date).

Examples

Books

Footnote or Endnote

Bibliographic Entry

Single Author

1. Jeffrey Pfeffer,

What were they Thinking?: Unconventional Wisdom about Management (Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 2007), 223.

Pfeffer, Jeffrey. What were they Thinking?:

Unconventional Wisdom About
Management. Boston: Harvard, Business School Press, 2007.

Two Authors

2. Luigi Luca Cavalli

-Sforza and Francesco Cavalli-Sforza, The Great Human Diasporas (Cambridge: Persues Books, 1995), 257-259.

Cavalli-Sforza, Luigi Luca and

Francesco Cavalli-Sforza. The Great Human Diasporas. Cambridge: Persues Books, 1995.

More Than Three Authors

3. Oren Lyons and

others, Exiled in the Land of the Free: Democracy, Indian Nations, and the U.S. Constitution (Sante Fe, NM: Clear Light Publishers, 1992), 332.

Lyons, O., J. Mohawk, V. DeLoria,

Jr., L.Hauptman, H. Berman. Exiled in the Land of the Free: Democracy, Indian Nations, and the U.S. Constitution, Sante Fe, NM: Clear Light Publishers, 1992.

Translated Work

4. Carlos M.

Fernandez-Shaw, The Hispanic Presence in North America: from 1492 to Today, trans. Alfonso Bertodano Stourton and others (New York: Facts on File, Inc., 1999), 47-50.

Fenandez-Shaw, Carlos M. The

Hispanic Presence in North America: from 1492 to Today. Translated by Alfonso Bertodano Stourton and others. New York: Facts on File, Inc., 1999.

Undated Work Also Lacking Publisher Information

5. Miguel de

Cervantes Saavedra. Don Quijote de la Mancha (New York: n.d.), 155-156.

Cervantes Saavedra, Miguel de. Don

Quijote de la Mancha. New York, n.d.

Edited Book

5. Kirk D. Werner,

ed., Turning Points in World History: The American Revolution (San Diego, CA: Greenhaven, 2000), 154-164.

Werner, Kirk D., ed. Turning Points

in World History: The American Revolution. San Diego, CA: Greenhaven, 2000.

Corporate Author

7. National Research

Council, Economic Indicators for the Nation (Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2000), 212.

National Research Council. Economic

Indicators for the Nation. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2000.

Chapter or Essay in a Book

8. Wendell Berry,

“A Remarkable Man,” in What Are People For? (San Francisco: North Point Press, 1990), 17-29.

Berry, Wendell. “A Remarkable

Man.” Chap. 2 in What Are People For?. San Francisco: North Point Press, 1990.

Essay from a Reference Book

9. Encyclopedia of

Aesthetics, s.v. “Genius: Conceptual and Historical Overview.”

(“s.v. stands for “sub verbo” or “under the word.” It is used to cite alphabetically-arranged works.

OR if the reference work is a second edition or later:

9. Encyclopedia of

Aesthetics, 2nd ed., s.v. “Genius: Conceptual and Historical Overview.

Usually not listed in a Bibliography (see Chicago Manual of Style sec. 17.238)

Online Book/ebook

(reproduction of previously published book)

Example:

A book from NetLibrary

10. Michael

Faraday, The philosopher's tree: a selection of Michael Faraday's writings (Philadelphia : Institute of Physics Pub., c1999), 147-150.

Faraday, Michael. The Chemical

History of a Candle. New York: The Author, 1860. NetLibrary e-book.

Articles

Basic Formats

Basic Format from a MAGAZINE ARTICLE (print)

Footnote: Author’s Full Name, “Title of Article,” Specific Page Number(s).
Bibliographic Entry: Author’s Last Name, First Name. “Title of Article.” Title of Periodical, Date of Issue, Inclusive Page Number(s).

Basic Format for an ONLINE JOURNAL ARTICLE (without pages numbers)

Footnote: Author’s Full Name, “Title of Article,” URL.
Bibliographic Entry: Author’s Last Name, First Name. “Title of Article.” Title of Journal Volume (Month and Year of Issue), URL (access date).

Basic Format for an ONLINE DATABASE ARTICLE (with page numbers)

Footnote: Author’s Full Name, “Title of Article,” URL.
Bibliography: Author’s Last Name, First Name. “Title of Article,” Title of Journal Volume No. (Date of Issue), Page Number(s), URL (access date).

Examples

Articles

Footnote or Endnote

Bibliographic Entry

Article from a Monthly Magazine

11. Andy Aaron, Ellen

Eide, and John F. Pitrelli, “Conversational Computers,” 67-68.

[Specific page references are given in the note, and inclusive pages in the bibliographic entry]

Aaron, Ellen Eide, and John F. Pitrelli.

“Conversational Computers.” Scientific American, June 2005, 64-69.

[Specific page references are given in the note, and inclusive pages in the bibliographic entry]

Article from a Weekly Magazine

12. Jerry Adler, “How

the Dinosaurs Lived - and Died,” 48.

Adler, Jerry. “How the Dinosaurs Lived

– and Died.” Newsweek, June 27, 2005, 44-52.

Article from a Journal

13. Simon Dennis, “A

Memory-Based Theory of Verbal Cognition,” 169.

[For articles from journals with pages numbered consecutively throughout a volume or year, simply include the volume number and page numbers for both the note and bibliography, as there is no need for issue information.]

Dennis, Simon. "A Memory-Based

Theory of Verbal Cognition." Cognitive Science 29, mo. 2 (March/April 2005): 145-193.

[For articles from journals with pages numbered consecutively throughout a volume or year, simply include the volume number and page number for both the note and bibliography, as thre is no need for issue information.]

Reprint of Article from a Magazine, Newspaper, or Journal

Example: Annual Editions articles

14. Heather Pringle,

“New Women of the Ice Age,” 144.

Pringle, Heather. “New Women of the

Ice Age.” Annual Editions: Physical Anthropology (1999/2000): 144-149. Previously published in Discover (April 1998): 62-69.

Book Review Article

20. Ray Olson, review

of Given, by Wendell Berry, 1742.

Olson, Ray. Review of Given, by

Wendell Berry. Booklist 101, no. 19/20 (June1 & 15): 1742-1743.

Article Accessed through an Electronic Database

Examples of Databases: Academic Search Premier, CQ Researcher

15. David

Kowalewski, “Teaching Deep Ecology: a Student Assessment,” http://search.epnet.com /login.aspx?directn.aspx?=true&db =aph&an=7239040 (accessed May 21, 2005)

Kowalewski, David. “Teaching Deep

Ecology: a Student Assessment.” Journal of Environmental Education 33 (Summer 2002): 25-26, http:// search. epnet.com/login.aspx
?direct=true&db=aph&an=7239040 (accessed May 21, 2005)

Article (without page numbers) from an Online Magazine, Journal, or Newspaper

21. Regina Schrambling,

“NaCl,” review of Salt: a World History, by Mark Kurlansky, http://query. nytimes.com/gst/ fullpage (accessed June 26, 2005).

Regina Schrambling, “NaCl.” Review of Salt: a

World History, by Mark Kurlansky. New York Times Book Review, February 24, 2002. http:// query.nytimes.com/gst/ fullpage (accessed June 26, 2005).

Daily Newspaper

Article (print)

17. Jane Brody, “Hello

to College Joys: Keep Stress Off Campus,” sec. F7.

News items from Daily newspapers are rarely listed in a bibliography, unless the newspaper is referred to several times and makes up a substantial part of the documentation.

Non-Daily Newspaper or Newsletter Article (print)

18. Martha Ann Overland,

“Higher Education and the Beyond,” A32.

Overland, Martha Ann. “Higher Education and the

Beyond.” Chronicle of Higher Education, 1 July 2005, A32-A33.

Newspaper Article Accessed Through an Electronic Database

Example of Database:

Lexis-Nexis

19. Victoria Colliver,

“Green good for business; U.N. encourages companies to sign Global Compact,” http://web. lexisnexis.com/98 (accessed July 3, 2005).

[articles from Daily newspapers are listed in notes, but are rarely listed in the bibliography, unless the newspaper is referred to several times and constitutes a substantial part of the documentation. See Chicago Manual of Style sec. 17.191]

Web Pages & Web Sites

What is the difference between a Web Page and a Web Site?

A Web page is a single Internet document (or “page”) that is identified by a single web address and can be read by a Web browser such as Mozilla Firefox or Internet Explorer. It is usually one of many pages that make up a website and may be accessed by clicking a link from other pages within the website.
A Web site is made up of individual web pages. It is similar to a file folder that contains several individual documents. The links from the main (or “top”) page of a web site lead you to the separate web pages within that site.

Basic Formats

Basic Format for WEB PAGES

Footnote: Web page author’s Full Name, “Title of Web Page,” URL.
Bibliography: Author’s Last Name, First. “Title of Web Page.” Place of Publication, Copyright and/or “revised” or “updated” date. URL (access date).

Basic Format for WEB SITES

Footnote: Web site Author’s Full Name, Title of Web site, URL.
Bibliography: Web site Author’s Last Name, First Name. Title. Publisher, Copyright and/or revised date, URL (access date).

Examples

Web Sites & Web Pages

Footnote or Endnote

Bibliographic Entry

Web Page with Author, Title, Publisher, and Date

22. Ronald F.

Lee, “The Story of the Antiquities Act,” http://www .cr.nps.gov/history/ hisnps/ NPSHistory/atiq.htm

Lee, Ronald F. “The Story of the Antiquities

Act.” U.S. Department of the Interior, National Parks Service. http://www.cr.nps. gov/history/hisnps/ NPS History/antiq.htm

Website Without an Author

23. National

Agricultural Library, “Species Profiles,” http://www .invasivespecies. gov/ profiles/main.shtml.

National Agricultural Library. “Species

Profiles.” Invasive Species Archives. http://www. invasivespecies.gov/profiles/ main.shtml

Interviews and Personal Communications

Basic Formats

Basic Format for a PUBLISHED INTERVIEW

Footnote: Full Name of Interviewee, “Title of Interview,” page(s).
Bibliographic Entry: Last Name of Interviewee, First Name. Interview by Name of Interviewer. Title of Publication, volume/issue information: page(s).

Basic Format for an UNPUBLISHED INTERVIEW

Footnote: Full Name of Interviewee, interview by [your name], Date of Interview, Place of Interview.
Bibliographic Entry: Last Name of Interviewee, First Name. Interview by [your name]. Format of Interview, Date of Interview. Place of Interview.

Basic Format for a PERSONAL COMMUNICATION

Footnote: Full Name of Person Who Communicated with You, Format of Communication, Date of Communication.
Bibliographic Entry:
[Not listed in a Bibliography – please see below.]

Examples

Interviews or Personal Communications

Footnote or Endnote

Bibliographic Entry

Interview, published

24. Mark Pagel,

“Behaviorist Seeks What Divides Us,” interview by Kathy A. Svitil, 20-21.

Pagel, Mark. “Behaviorist Seeks What

Divides Us.” By Kathy A. Svitil. Discover, 26, no. 5 (May 2005): 20-21.

Interview, unpublished

25. Birgit Stein,

interviewby Amy Stelland, tape recording, 16 August, 2005, City of Sausalito Branch Library, Sausalito, CA.

[Usually not included in your bibliography. See Chicago Manual of Style sec. 17.205.]

Personal Communication

26. Scott Savage,

letter to author, May 8, 2000.

Since personal communications are not usually available to the public, there is no need to list them in a bibliography.

Video/DVDs, Musical Scores, and Sound Recordings

Basic Formats

Basic Format for a VIDEO/DVD

Footnote: Title, format, Year of Publication.
Bibliographic Entry: Title. Format, Length of Film in Minutes. Publisher, Place of Publication, Year of Publication.

Basic Format for a MUSICAL SCORE

Footnote: Composer’s Full Name, Title, Name of Performer(s), Name of Conductor [if available].
Bibliographic Entry: Composer’s Last Name, First Name. Title. Name of Performer(s). Name of Conductor [if available]. Publisher and Catalog No. [if available].

Basic Format for a SOUND RECORDING

Footnote: Author’s Full name, Title, read by Name of Reader, format of work [sound cassette, CD, etc.].
Bibliographic Entry: Author’s Last Name, First Name. Title. Read by Name of Reader. Publisher. Format of Work [sound cassette, CD, etc.].

Examples

Videos/DVDs and Sound Recordings

Footnote or Endnote

Bibliographic Entry

DVD

27. Etre et Avoir

(To Be and to Have), DVD, 2004.

Etre et Avoir (To Be and to Have), DVD.

Directed by Nicolas Philibert. New York: New Yorker Video, 2004.

Musical Score

28. Hector

Berlioz, Symphonie Fantastique, New York Philharmonic, Leonard Bernstein.

Berlioz, Hector. Symphonie Fantastique.

New York Philharmonic. Leonard Bernstein. Sony 60968.

Sound Recording

29. William C.

Davis, Diary of a Confederate Soldier, read by Dick Taylor, sound cassette.

Davis, William C. Diary of a Confederate

Solider. Read by Dick Taylor. North Star Publishing Company, 1991. Sound cassette.

Images

Basic Formats

Basic Format for an IMAGE:

Footnote: Author’s Full Name, Title, Page Number(s), Type of Image.
OR if electronic:
- Footnote: Author’s Full Name, Title, Type of Image, URL.
- Bibliographic Entry: Author’s Last Name, First Name. Title. Place of Publication:
  Publisher, Year of Publication, Type of Image, URL (date accessed) [if electronic]

Examples

Images

Footnote or Endnote

Bibliographic Entry

Image From a Book

30. Richard Sobel, Public Opinion in U.S. Foreign Policy, 87, table 5.3.

Sobel, Richard. Public Opinion in U.S.

Foreign Policy. Boston: Rowman and Littlefield, 1993. Table 5.3.

Online Image

31. Thomas Wells. Lightening Strikes Tupelo Mississippi, JPG, http://accuweather.ap.org/AW

Wells, Thomas. Lightening Strikes Tupelo

Mississippi. Northeast Mississippi Daily Journal. From AccuNet/AP Multimedia Archive. JPG, http://accuweather.ap.org/ AW (accessed July 25, 2005)

Parenthetical Citations and References System

The In -Text Citations and References System (Scientific Style) is often used by writers in the Physical, Natural, and Social Sciences. It includes:

Parenthetical Citations - very brief descriptions of your source for a paraphrased or quoted
piece of text. They are typed within parentheses and placed directly after a quote or if paraphrasing, just before a mark of punctuation, such as a comma or period.
A References List - the complete list of sources you used to write your paper. Place your References List at the end of your paper on its own page(s) and arrange the entries alphabetically by author or if no author is given, by title.

Basic Elements of Citations, by Format

BOOKS

Elements of a Full Citation:

Author: full name of author or authors; full name of editor or editors, or if no name if listed, name of institution standing in place of author.
Title, including subtitle if there is one
Edition, if not the first.
Volumes: total number if multivolume work is referred to as a whole; individual if single volume of multivolume work is cited and title of individual volume if applicable.
Series title, if applicable, and volume number within series if series is numbered
Facts of publication: city, publisher, and date
Page number(s), if applicable
A URL for Internet sources or, for other electronic sources, an indication of the medium consulted (DVD, E-Book Library, etc.)

PERIODICALS

Elements of a Full Citation:

Author’s or authors’ name(s)
Title and subtitle of article or column
Title of periodical
Issue information (volume, issue number, date)
Page reference (where appropriate)
For online periodicals, a URL

Web Sites and Web Pages

Elements of a Full Citation:

Author(s) of web page
Title of the page
Title or owner of the site
URL
Copyright date and/or date of revision: omit, unless required by your instructor, the information is know not to be permanent (a news site, for example), or the information is frequently updated.
Date you accessed the website or web page included in notes only

[Citations of web pages and sites are usually only included in your notes. They are only included in your bibliography if you are not using notes.]

INTERVIEWS and

PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS

Elements of a Full Citation:

Name of the person Interviewed or person with whom you communicated
Name of the interviewer or recipient
Format of the communication (e-mail, letter, tape recording, etc.)
Date of the interview or communication

.

AUDIOVISUAL MATERIALS

Elements of a Full Citation:

Name of the composer, producer, performer, or other person primarily responsible for the content
Title of the work
Medium (CD, DVD, VHS, etc.)
Number of discs or tapes
If using individual DVD scenes, or extras, cite the disc number and title
Publisher’s name
Identifying number of the material (sound recordings only)
Copyright date or date of production

IMAGES

Follow the principles above and add the image form (table, figure, photograph, JPG, GIF, etc.) after the page number in notes or the copyright date in books (printed matter). Add it after the title for an electronic source.

Examples

Books

Parenthetical Citation

Reference

Single Author

Your paraphrased text or a “quoted passage” (DeLoria 2002, 118)

DeLoria, V. 2002. Evolution, creationism,

and other modern myths: a Critical inquiry. Golden, CO: Fulcrum Publishing.

Two Authors

Your paraphrased text or a

“quoted passage” (Cavalli-Sforza and Cavalli-Sforza 1995, 189-190)

Cavalli-Sforza, L.L., and F. Cavalli-Sforza

1995. The great human diasporas. Cambridge: Persues Books.

More Than Three Authors

Your paraphrased text or a “quoted passage” (Lyons et al 1992, 161)

Lyons, O., H. Berman, V. DeLoria, Jr., L.

Hauptman, and J. Mohawk. 1992. Exiled in the land of the free: Democracy, Indian nations, and the U.S. constitution. Sante Fe, NM: Clear Light Publishers.

Translated Work

Your paraphrased text or a “quoted passage” (Stourton 1999, 209-210)

Fenandez-Shaw, C. M. 1999. The hispanic

presence in North America: From 1492 to today. Trans. by Alfonso Bertodano Stourton and others. New York: Facts on File, 1999.

Undated Work Also Lacking Publisher Information

Your paraphrased text or a “quoted passage” (Cervantes Saavedra [n.d.], 31)

Cervantes Saavedra, M. de. n.d. Don

Quijote de la Mancha. New York.

Edited Book

Your paraphrased text or a “quoted passage” (Werner 2000, 156-157)

Werner, K. D., ed. 2000. Turning points in

world history: The American revolution. San Diego, CA: Greenhaven.

Corporate Author

Your paraphrased text or a “quoted passage” (National Research Council 2000, 211)

National Research Council. 2000. Economic

indicators for the nation. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

Chapter or Essay in a Book

Your paraphrased text or a “quoted passage” (Berry 1990, Chap. 2)

Berry, W. A Remarkable Man. Chap. 2 in

What are people for? 1990. San Francisco: North Point Press.

Essay from a Reference Book

Your paraphrased text or a “quoted passage” (Encyclopedia of Aesthetics, s.v. “Genius: Conceptual and Historical Overview”)

(“s.v. stands for

“sub verbo” or “under the word.” It is used to cite alphabetically-arranged works.

OR if the reference work is a second edition or later:

9Encyclopedia of Aesthetics, 2nd ed., s.v. “Genius: Conceptual and Historical Overview.

Usually not listed in a Reference (see Chicago Manual of Style sec. 17.238)

Online Book/ebook

(reproduction of previously published book)

Example:

A book from NetLibrary

Your paraphrased text or a “quoted passage” (Faraday 1860, 148)

Faraday, M. 1860. The chemical history of a

candle. New York: The Author. NetLibrary e-book.

Articles

Parenthetical Citation

Reference

Article from a Monthly Magazine

Your paraphrased text or a “quoted passage” (Eide and Pitrelli, 2005, 26)

Aaron, E.E., and J.F. Pitrelli. 2005.

Conversational computers. Scientific American 292, no.6.

Article from a Weekly Magazine

Your paraphrased text or a “quoted passage” (Adler, 2005, 48)

Adler, J. 2005. How the dinosaurs lived

– and died. Newsweek, June 27.

Article from a Journal

Your paraphrased text or a “quoted passage” (Dennis, 2005, 169)

Dennis, S. A. 2005. Memory-based

theoryof verbal cognition. Cognitive Science 29, no. 2.

Reprint of Article from a Magazine, Newspaper, or Journal

Example: Annual Editions articles

Your paraphrased text or a “quoted passage” (Pringle, “New Women of the Ice Age,” 144)

Pringle, H. 1999/2000. New women of

the Ice Age. Annual Editions: Physical Anthropology: 144-149. Previously published in Discover, April 1998.

Book Review Article

Your paraphrased text or a “quoted passage” (Olson 2005)

Olson, R. 2005. Review of Given, by

Wendell Berry. Booklist 101, no.19/20:1742.

Article Accessed through an Electronic Database

Examples of Databases: Academic Search Premier, CQ Researcher

Your paraphrased text or a “quoted passage” (Kowalewski, 2002, 26)

Kowalewski, D. 2002. Teaching deep

ecology: A student assessment. Journal of Environmental Education 33 (Summer). http:/ /search.epnet.com/ login.aspx? direct= true &db= aph&an=7239040 (accessed May 21, 2005)

Article (without page numbers) from an Online Magazine, Journal, or Newspaper

Your paraphrased text or a “quoted passage” (Macklin, 2003)

Macklin, R. 2003. Applying the four

principles. Journal of Medical Ethics 29. http://jme. bmjjournals.com/ cgi/content/ full/29/ 5/275 (accessed July 3, 2005).

Daily Newspaper

Article (print)

Your text giving the “Title of Article and author, if available” (New York Times, 26 August, 2003)

Newspapers are cited in the same manor as magazine articles .

(See Chicago Manual of Style sec. 17.191)

Non-Daily Newspaper or Newsletter Article (print)

Your paraphrased text or a “quoted passage” (Overland 2005, A33)

Overland, M. A. July 2005, A32-A33.

Higher education and the beyond. Chronicle of Higher Education.

Newspaper Article Accessed Through an Electronic Database

Example of Database:

Lexis-Nexis

Your paraphrased text or a “quoted passage” (Colliver 2005)

Web Sites & Web Pages

Parenthetical Citation

Reference

Web Page with Author, Title, Publisher, and Date

Your text or “quoted passage” (Redefining Progress, n.d.)

Redefining Progress. n.d. Contents of the

GPI. Washington: Redefining Progress, http://www. rprogress.org/newprograms/ sustIndi/gpi/gpi_ contents.shtml (accessed July 1, 2005).

Website Without an Author

Your text or “quoted passage” (National Agricultural Library, 2005)

National Agricultural Library.

Species Profiles. Invasive Species Archives. http://www. invasivespecies.gov/profiles/ main.shtml (accessed July 1, 2005)

Interviews or Personal Communications

Parenthetical Citation

Reference

Interview, published

Your paraphrased text or a “quoted passage” (Svitil, May 2005, 21)

Pagel, Mark. May 2005.

Behaviorist seeks what divides us: Interview with Mark Pagel. By Kathy A. Svitil. Discover, 26, no. 5.

Interview, unpublished

Your paraphrased text or a “quoted passage” (Stelland, 2005)

Stein, Birgit. 2005. Interview by Amy Stelland.

Tape recording. August 16. City of Sausalito Branch Library, Sausalito, CA.

Personal Communication

Your paraphrased text or a “quoted passage” (J. Savage, January 9, 2007, e-mail message to author)

Personal communications are generally not included in your reference unless they are critical to your argument. (See Chicago Manual of Style sec. 17.209)

Examples

Videos/DVDs and Sound Recordings

Parenthetical Citation

Reference

DVD

[mention in running text – see Chicago Manual of Style sec. 17.265]

Etre et Avoir (To Be and to Have). DVD.

2004. Directed by Nicholas Philibert. New York: New Yorker Video.

Musical Score

[mention in running text – see Chicago Manual of Style sec. 17.265]

Berlioz, H. Symphonie Fantastique. New

York Philharmonic. Leonard Bernstein. Sony 609.CD.

Sound Recording

[mention in running text – see Chicago Manual of Style sec. 17.265]

Davis, W. C. 1991. Diary of a Confederate

Solider. Read by Dick Taylor. North Star Publishing Company. Sound cassette.

Images

Parenthetical

Reference

Image From a Book

[mention in running text – see Chicago Manual of Style sec. 17.265]

Sobel, R. 1993. Public Opinion in U.S.

Foreign Policy. Boston: Rowman and Littlefield. Table 5.3.

Online Image

[mention in running text – see Chicago Manual of Style sec. 17.265]

Wells, T. Lightening Strikes Tupelo

Mississippi. Northeast Mississippi Daily Journal. From AccuNet/AP Multimedia Archive. JPG, http://accuweather.ap.org/ AW (accessed July 25, 2005)

Formatting

Footnotes

The Chicago Manual of Style prefers footnotes that use regular numbers followed by a period and space (example: 1.)

Microsoft Word automatically formats footnotes using the superscript form (a small raised number), and so we use the superscript form in the printer-friendly version of this guide. Please see your instructor for his or her preference.

How to Use Microsoft Word’s Footnotes Function:

1) Place your cursor after the text in which you have just paraphrased or quoted a source.

Footnote Word Example

2) Click the Insert menu, then Reference, then Footnote.

Example Graphic

3) Choose Bottom of Page as the location of your
footnotes and 1,2,3 as the number format you want to use.

4) Choose “1” for the Start at: box and “Continuous” for the numbering system. Apply to Whole Document. Click Insert.

5) Type your footnote after the number that appears at the bottom of the page. Then place your cursor back in the text of your paper.

How to Indent Your Footnotes, Bibliographic, and Reference List Entries

How to use a First Line Indent to indent your Footnotes (if not using Microsoft Word’s Footnote function):

Place your cursor at the beginning of the top line.
Click the top triangle of the ruler near the top of the screen
Drag the triangle to the half-inch mark (see below).

How to use a Hanging Indent to indent the second and subsequent lines of your Bibliographic or Reference List entries:

Place your cursor at the beginning of the second line.
Click the bottom triangle (not the rectangle below it) of the ruler near the top of the screen.
Drag the bottom triangle to the half-inch mark (see below).

finally… DON’T FORGET THE 3-EM DASH

The 3-EM dash (six hyphens strung together) is a quick way to note more than one entry by the same author, authors, or corporate author. The different entries are arranged chronologically, from earliest to most recent works, NOT alphabetically.

Here is an example:

Schuman, H., and J. Scott. 1987. Problems in the use of survey questions to

measure public opinion. Science 236:957-59.

------. 1989. Generations and collective memories. American Sociological Review 54:359-81.

Need an example not listed here?

Please go to the Library Front Desk and ask for The Chicago Manual of Style, 15th ed.

A library staff member would be happy to help you find your example.