Citing Books:

• Basic Citation Format
• Essay or Chapter in an Edited Book
• Encyclopedias

Citing Periodicals:

• Explanation: The Difference Between Magazines and Journals
• Basic Citation Format
• Magazine Articles
• Journal Articles
• Newspaper Articles

Citing Online Database Articles

Citing Online Database Abstracts

Specific Library Resources:

• CQ Researcher Articles
• Annual Editions Articles
  
  

Citing Web Pages

Citing Videos

Citing Images

Same Author, Different Works

Paraphrasing:

• Web sites
• Citing a source cited in your source

Quoting:

• Web sites and Online Database Articles
• Quoting a source more than once within a paragraph
• Long quotes

References List

A References List is the list of the sources you used to write your paper.  Place this list at the end of your paper on its own page(s).

• Title your list References
• and list your sources alphabetically by author.
• Double-space your References List.

Indenting

Indent the second and subsequent lines of each citation.  Use a hanging indent to indent this way.

Here’s how:

1. Place your cursor at the beginning of the second line of your citation.
2. Click on the bottom triangle (not the rectangle!) of the ruler near the top of the screen.
3. Drag the bottom triangle to the half-inch mark (see below):

Books

Basic Format for Books

• Last name, First Initial. (Year). Book title: Subtitle. (Edition) [if other than the 1st]. Place: Publisher.

One Author

• Brader, T. (2006). Campaigning for hearts and minds: How emotional appeals in political ads
        work. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Two Authors

• Elder, L. & Paul, R. (2006).The miniature guide to the art of asking essential questions. Dillon
        Beach, CA: Foundation for Critical Thinking.

Three Authors

• Miller, T. E., Bender, B. E., & Schuh, J. H. (2005). Promoting reasonable expectations:
        Aligning student and institutional views of the college experience. San Francisco, CA:
        Jossey-Bass.

Book, Corporate Author

• American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental
        disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

Essay or Chapter in an Edited Book

Basic Format

• Essay Author’s Last name, First Initial. (Year). Essay title. In Editor’s First Initial Last
        Name (Ed.), Book title (pp. # - #). Place: Publisher.
  

Specific Example

• Weinman, J. & Kleinfield, J. (2006).  Do schools perpetuate a gender bias? In W.
        Traverner (Ed.), Taking sides: Clashing views on controversial issues in human sexuality
        (pp. 114-120).  Dubuque, IA: McGraw-Hill Education.

Encyclopedia Entry

• Author’s Last name, First Initial. (Year). Article Title. In Encyclopedia title. (Vol. #, pp.# - #).
        Place: Publisher.

(If no author is given for the entry, place the title in the author position.)
(You do not need to include an edition statement if the encyclopedia is a first edition.)

Example

• Perez, Jr., L. (2005). Cuba. In The world book encyclopedia. (Vol. 4, pp. 1168-1179).
        Chicago: World Book, Inc.

Periodicals

Explanation: The Difference Between Magazines and Journals

Basic Format for Periodical Articles

• Last name, First Initial. (Year, Month Day). Article title. Magazine/Journal/Newspaper Title.
        Volume number(Issue number*), Page numbers, inclusive (the page numbers of the
        entire article)

  * You only need the issue number for journals in which each issue is paged separately.

Magazine Article, Monthly

• White, C. (2006, April). The spirit of disobedience. Atlantic, 312(1871), 31-40.

Magazine Article, Weekly

• Tumulty, K.  (2006, April 10).  Should they stay or should they go? Time, 167(15), 3-40.
  

Anonymous Author (Magazine or Journal)

• Class distinctions. (2006, April). Psychology Today, 39(2), 21.
  

Journal Article, with All Issues for a Volume Paged Consecutively

• Newman, J. L., Fuqua, D. R., Gray, E. A., & Simpson, D. B.  (2006). Gender differences in
        the relationship of anger and depression in a clinical sample.  Journal of Counseling &
        Development, 84, 157-161.

Journal Article, with Each Issue Paged Separately (Include Issue Number)

• Knotts, H. G.  & Haspel, M. (2006). The impact of gentrification on voter turnout.  Social
        Science Quarterly 87(1), 110-121.

Newspaper Article (use pp. for page numbers of newspaper articles)

• Chavez, L.  (2006, March 30).  American dreams, foreign flags.  The New York Times, pp.
        A25.

Newspaper Article, Anonymous Author

• Religious leaders protest House immigration bill.  (2006, April 11).  The Keene Sentinel, pp.
        2.

Online Database Articles

Journal, Magazine, or Newspaper Article from an Online Database

Follow the appropriate citation format (journal, magazine, or newspaper).

Then after the page numbers, add the following information:

1. The word "Retrieved"
2. The Month, Day, and Year you printed the article.
3. The word "from".
4. Database Name* (e.g., Academic Search Premier; InfoTrac OneFile, etc.).
5. The word "database".
   
   

   * You want the Database Name, not the Database Company.  For example, Ebsco and Gale are Database Companies, and so you don’t list them.  Instead, list their specific database you used, such as “InfoTrac OneFile” (from Gale) or “Academic Search Premier” (from Ebsco).

   
   

Landmark College's Online Databases (a partial list):

• General OneFile
• Student Edition
• Academic Search Premier
• JSTOR
• Lexis-Nexis

Basic Format for an Online Database Article

• Author’s Last Name, First Initial. (Year, Month Day). Article title. Magazine/Journal/
        Newspaper Title, Volume number(Issue number), Page numbers. Retrieved Month
        Day, Year, from Database Name database.

Specific Example of an Online Database Article

• Douthat, R.  (2006, January/February).  Peace on earth.  The Atlantic Monthly, 297(1), 50.
        Retrieved April 10, 2006, from InfoTrac OneFile database.

Online Database Abstracts

• Follow the appropriate citation format (journal, magazine, or newspaper). 
• Then after the page numbers, add the following information:

1. The words “Abstract retrieved”
2. The Month Day, Year you printed it.
3. The word “from”.
4. Database Name (e.g., Academic Search Premier; InfoTrac OneFile, etc.)
5. The word “database”.

Basic Format for an Online Database Article Abstract

• Author’s Last Name, First Initial. (Year, Month Day). Article title. Magazine/Journal/
        Newspaper Title, Volume number(Issue number), Page numbers. Abstract retrieved
        Month Day, Year, from Database Name database.

Specific Example for an Online Database Article Abstract

• Mortimore, R. (2006, Spring). A tale of political trust in American cities. International Journal
        of Public Opinion Research, 18(1), 148. Abstract retrieved April 10, 2006, from Academic
        Search Premier database.

CQ Researcher Articles

Articles from the online version of the CQ Researcher are cited as if they are an online version of a magazine article.  You can access the full citation of the article by simply clicking the Cite Now button at the top of the first page.

 The citation will appear in a separate window from which you may copy and paste the citation directly into your bibliography.

If you prefer to construct the citation on your own, here’s how:

Basic Format for a CQ Researcher Article (Online version)

• Last name, First Initial. (Year, Month Day). Article title. The CQ Researcher, Volume number,
        Page numbers. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from URL. Document ID:  #.

Annual Editions Articles

• Articles from the Reference series Annual Editions are reprints of articles from magazines, newspapers, or journals. 
  
• Therefore, your citation must show that you got the article from Annual Editions and that the article originally appeared elsewhere in a magazine, journal or newspaper.

Basic Format for an Annual Editions Article

• Author’s Last Name, First Initial. (Year). Article title. In Editor’s First Initial Last Name
        (Ed.), Annual Editions: Volume title (pp. # - #). Guilford, CT: Dushkin/McGraw-Hill.
        (Reprinted from Magazine/Journal/Newspaper Title, pp. # - #, Year, Month Day)

Specific Example of an Annual Editions Article

• Underwood, A. & Adler, J. (2006). Diet and genes. In D. Klimis-Zacas (Ed.), Annual
        Editions: Nutrition (pp. 63-65). Guilford, CT: Dushkin/McGraw-Hill. (Reprinted from
        Newsweek, pp. 40-48, 2005, January 17)

• Editor(s): Listed on the title page in the front of the Annual Editions volume.
• Reprint info: Listed at the bottom of the first page of the article.

Special Note about In-Text Citations:

• Cite both years in your in-text citations, like this: (Last Name, 2006/2005)

Web Pages

Basic Format for a Web Page

• Author, Institution, Company, or Organization Responsible for the Web site (if available).  (Year, Month Day web site was last updated). Title or description of page. Retrieved Month Day, Year you visited the web site, from: URL (address of web site)

• Author:  Sometimes the person or group responsible for the web page is hard to determine, but it’s important that you figure it out.  Check the top and bottom of the web page.  Then check the top and bottom of the home page.  Then look for a link like “About.”  A library staff person would be happy to help you discover who the author is.
  
• Date last updated:  Check the beginning and end of the web page for this date.  If no date is listed, write “(n.d.)” for “no date.”
  
• URL:  IMPORTANT: You don’t need to cite each page you use from the same web site - just cite the main page that all of your web pages have in common.

Specific Example

• LD Online.  (2006). Speech and language milestone chart. Retrieved April 11, 2006, from:
        http://www.ldonline.org/ld_indepth/speech-language/lda_milestones.html

Videos

• Producer’s Last Name, First Initial (Producer), & Director’s Last Name, First Initial
        (Director). (Year). Video title [Motion picture]. Country of Origin: Name of Movie Studio.

Important: If the film is of limited circulation, provide the distributor’s name and complete address in parentheses after [Motion picture]. in place of country of origin and name of movie studio.

Specific Example

• Bregman, M., Elfand, M. (Producers), & Lumet, S. (Director). (2006). Dog day afternoon
        [Motion picture]. United States: Warner Home Video.

Images

Basic Format for an Electronic Image

• Author (Role of Author). (Year image was created). Title of work [Type of work], Retrieved
        Month Day, Year, from: URL (address of web site)

Basic Format for an Electronic Image (No Author) 

• Title of work [Type of work]. (Year image was created). Retrieved Month Day, Year, from:
        URL (address of web site)
  

Basic Format for an Electronic Image (No Author, No Title, No Date)

(Many images found on the Web are of this category, but you should still look for this missing information: try clicking on the image, and/or looking at the bottom of the image.)

• [Subject and type of work]. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from: URL (address of web site)

  Specific Examples

• Kulbis, M. (Photographer). (2006). Men pray [Photograph], Retrieved April 12, 2006, from:
        http://accuweather.ap.org/cgi-bin/aplaunch.pl

• Japanese Geisha [Photograph]. (2006). Retrieved April 10, 2006, from:
       http://www.bergoiata.org/fe/divers28/10.htm

• [Unititled photograph of a baby chimpanzee]. Retrieved April 12, 2006, from:
        perso.wanadoo.fr/jdtr/struc/chimp3.htm

Same Author, Different Works

(List in chronological order, oldest source first. If both sources are from the same year, list them in alphabetical order by title.)

• Barkley, R. A. (2006). Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a clinical workbook (3rd ed.).
        New York: Guilford Press.

• Barkley, R. A. (2006). Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a handbook for diagnosis and
        treatment (3rd ed.). New York: Guilford Press.

In-Text Citations

To Paraphrase:

• Cite only the last name of the author (or if a web site, cite the author, organization, institution, or company responsible for the web site).
  
• Cite the year of the source.
  
• Within a paragraph, the second (or third, etc.) time you cite a source, don’t list the date.
  
• Cite the page number for books and large articles (but not for web sites—see p. 13, first box).
  
• Use the past tense to explain what an author did: (studied something; found something, etc.) or the present perfect tense: (has studied something; has found something, etc.).

Examples:

One Author

• Smith (1997) studied how racism affects biracial college students (p. 62).
  
  or
  
  
• In a recent study of racism, biracial college students reported receiving prejudice from both racial groups to which they belonged (Smith, 1997, p. 62).

Two Authors

• Jones and Rogers (1996, p. 123) found that stress can adversely affect sleep.
  
  or
  
• Stress can adversely affect sleep (Jones & Rogers, 1996, p. 123).

Three to Five Authors

First mention of source:

• Miller, Bender, and Schuh (2006, p. 56) hypothesized that student expectations prior to enrollment would strongly influence their experiences of college life.
  
  or
  
  
• In an experiment to examine the impact of expectations on the experiences of first-year college students, researchers compared institution characteristics and student background characteristics with expectations of campus activities and the campus environment (Miller, Bender, & Schuh 2006, p. 52-53).
  

Second mention of source (Omit the year if this is the second mention within the same paragraph):

• Miller et al. were surprised to find a low correlation between time spent preparing for class and gains in general education and intellectual skills (2006, p. 59).
  
  or
  
  
• Their experiment found little correlation between time spent preparing for class and gains in general education and intellectual skills (Miller et al., 2006, p. 59).
  

Web sites

List the heading of the section or web page, the date of the page, and then the number of the paragraph following it.

• In their online information booklet, Panic Disorder, a Real Illness, the National Institutes of Mental Health state that the disorder usually starts between the ages of 18 and 24 (2006, When does panic disorder start and how long does it last?, para. 1).
  
  or
  
  
• The most vulnerable time for the onset of panic disorder is between 18 and 24 years of age (National Institutes of Mental Health, 2006, When does panic disorder start and how long does it last?, para. 1).
  
  NOTE: The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association appears to give permission to omit references to sections and paragraphs of electronic sources: “In some cases, it may be necessary to omit a location reference altogether, such as when no page or paragraph numbers are visible and headings are either not provided or their use would prove unwieldy or confusing.”
  

Citing a source cited in your source

• You’ve read and are citing Author A.
• Author A cites Author B.
• You haven’t read Author B, but you want to cite Author B.

Here’s what you do:

1. List Author A (who you read) in the References List. Don’t list Author B there.
2. In your text, use the following citation:

Author B’s study (as cited in Author A, Year, p. #)

or

Find, Read, and cite Author B as its own source.

To quote a source directly:

• Cite only the last name of the author (or, if a web site, cite the author’s last name, or the name of the organization, institution, or company responsible for the web site).
  
• Cite the year of the source.
  
• Cite the page numbers (with a p. or pp.) after the date (but for web sites, see box below).
  
• If your quote contains a quote, use single quotation marks (‘’) around the shorter quote.

Example:

Although there is some debate concerning the prevalence of the cluster of symptoms labeled ADHD, Barkley & Murphy (2006) maintain that “there is little doubt that the disorder is virtually universal among human populations” (p. 7).

Online Database Article-Quoting Example:

In this case, only the author and the year would be necessary.

Web site and Online Database Examples:

List the heading of the section and then the number of the paragraph following it.

• “It is estimated that dyspraxia affects at least 2% of the general population to some degree and about 70% of those affected are male” (National Center for Learning Disabilities, 2006, What is Dyspraxia?, para. 1).
  
  or
  
  
• The National Center for Learning Disabilities (2006) estimates that “dyspraxia affects at least 2% of the general population to some degree and about 70% of those affected are male” (What is Dyspraxia?, para. 1).
  
  
  NOTE: The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association appears to give permission to omit references to sections and paragraphs of electronic sources: “In some cases, it may be necessary to omit a location reference altogether, such as when no page or paragraph numbers are visible and headings are either not provided or their use would prove unwieldy or confusing.”
  
  In this case, only the author and the year would be necessary.
  
  “It is estimated that dyspraxia affects at least 2% of the general population to some degree and about 70% of those affected by are male” (National Center for Learning Disabilities, 2006).
  
  or
  
  
• The National Institutes of Health (1993) estimates that “dyspraxia affects at least 2% of the general population to some degree and about 70% of those affected are male.”

When your quote is longer than 40 words:

• Start the quote on a new line.
• Indent the entire quote by 5 spaces (½ of an inch if you use the ruler in Microsoft Word—see box below for instructions).
• Don’t use quotation marks.
• Double-space the quote (just like the rest of the paper).
• If your quote contains a quote, use double quotation marks (“ ”) around the shorter quote.

Example:

• Edler and Paul (2006) explain the difference between absolutists and relativists: Some people, dogmatic

  absolutists, try to reduce all questions to matters of fact. They think that every question has one and only one correct answer. Other, subjective relativists, try to reduce all questions to matters of subjective opinion. They think that no question has correct or incorrect answers but that all questions whatsoever are matters of opinion…Neither absolutist nor relativist leaves room for what is crucial to success in human life: matters of reasoned judgment (p. 10).

How to indent a long quote in Microsoft Word:

1. Place your cursor at the beginning of the quote.
   
2. Click on the bottom rectangle on the ruler near the top of the screen.
   
3. Drag the bottom rectangle to the half-inch mark (see below):
   

To quote a source more than once within a paragraph:

• The first time you quote a source in a paragraph, follow the examples above.
  
• The second and subsequent times you quote that source within the same paragraph, only include the page number in parentheses. (You don’t need the name and year.)
  

Example:

It can be helpful to sort questions into categories when analyzing virtually any

issue. Elder & Paul (2006) offer three categories: “Questions of Procedure,” “Questions of Preference,” and “Questions of Judgment” (p. 9). Questions of Procedure are generally unarguable and call for fact or definition, such as “How many democratic administrations have there been in the U.S. since 1829?” or “What is a coalition government?” The answers to Questions of Preference are open-ended and as varied as individual values, such as “How would I live differently if I took the ideas of this author seriously?” (p. 37). Questions of Judgment require “reasoning, but with more than one arguable answer” or “the best answer within a range of possibilities” (p. 9). An example from the field of political science is: “Is democracy the best form of governance?” This latter category of questions is most challenging, as it calls for the intellectual virtues of dispositions of humility, courage, empathy, integrity, perseverance, confidence in reason, and autonomy (p. 43-44).

Need an example not listed here?

• Go to the Front Desk and ask for The Publication Manual of the American Psychological
  Association, 5th Edition.  A library staff person would be happy to help you find your example.